Introduction
Cyber conflict is no longer episodic. Instead, it has become a continuous feature of international relations. States increasingly accept persistent cyber activity as a baseline condition, reshaping assumptions about conflict, deterrence, and security.
Persistence as a Strategic Choice
Persistent operations allow actors to maintain influence while minimizing visibility. These campaigns are carefully managed to avoid triggering overt retaliation, reinforcing cyber conflict as a “below-threshold” activity.
Defensive Adaptation
Defenders have improved detection and response capabilities, but persistence challenges traditional defense models. Complete prevention is unrealistic; resilience and recovery are now central objectives.
The Erosion of Peace-Time Norms
The normalization of cyber operations erodes distinctions between peace and conflict. States tolerate ongoing intrusions as part of strategic competition, complicating legal and normative frameworks.
Strategic Consequences
Persistent cyber conflict increases the risk of miscalculation. Continuous engagement raises the likelihood of unintended escalation through misattribution or collateral impact.
Conclusion
Operational persistence has normalized cyber conflict, embedding it into everyday geopolitical competition and reshaping global security dynamics.
